Progress on R(5). Will there be more?

 (I had a post a while back requesting people to submit open problems in Luca Trevisan's honor with deadline Oct 1. I am extending that to Oct 14, but that is a HARD deadline. See my original post which I have updated, here.)

And now back to our regularly scheduled program.

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Breaking News: \(R(5) \le 46 \)

I know this since 46 people have emailed me this link here.

Recall that R(5) is the least n such that 

For all 2-colorings of the edges of \(K_n\) there is a set of 5 vertices such that all of the edges between them are the same color.

Here is a history of what is known about R(5). It is not complete. 

Proofs of points 1 and 2 below are on my slides here.

1) Let R(a,b) be the least n such that 

For all 2-colorings of the edges of K_n there is either a RED K_a or a BLUE K_b.

Note that

R(2,b)=b

R(a,2)=a

It is well known that R(3,3)=6.

Is it well known that \( R(a,b) \le R(a,b-1) + R(a-1,b)  \).

From this one can derive \( R(5,5) = R(5) \le 70 \)

2) One can also show that if R(a,b-1) and R(a-1,b) are even then 

\( R(a,b) \le R(a-1,b) + R(a,b-1) -1 \).

From this one can derive \(R(5,5)=R(5)\le 62 \). 

3) In 1989 Exoo showed \(R(5) \ge 43 \). That is, Exoo gave a 2-coloring of \(K_{42}\) with no monochromatic \(K_5\). I was unable to find his paper online; however, there is a modern exposition of his paper here.

4) In 1997 McKay and Radzisowski showed \(R(5) \le 49\).  The paper is here. This used some clever math  and lots of computer time. This paper also has a more complete history of R(5) up to 1997 then I have in this post. (Radzisowski also has a dynamic survey of small Ramsey numbers here.)

5) In 2017 Angelveit and McKay showed \(R(5) \le 48 \). This used some clever math of  and lots of computer time. The paper is here. That is the arxiv version. The journal version is behind a paywall; however, if you want to reference it and need to know journal etc, the link is here.

6) In 2024 Angelveit and McKay showed \(R(5) \le 46 \). This used some clever math and and a big computer search. The paper is here. (ADDED LATER - they used Glucose, a SAT Solver.)

COMMENTS ON ALL THIS

1) It is widely believed that R(5)=43. 

2) I have been asked if AI or SAT Solvers will help. I asked Radziowski and Angelveit and McKay and they all thought NO. There is just no way around ALL those possiblities. 

Lance: Getting 46 via an extensive computer search using "30 years of CPU time." Hard to believe AI and SAT Solvers won't play some role in future advances. 

Bill: Some problems are just really hard for SAT Solvers. Getting \(R(5)\le 45\) may take 3000 years of CPU time. So it may not be for a while or ever. 

Bill: How about a wager? If R(5) =43 is proven by 2040 then you win, otherwise I win.

Lance: Let's make it an exact value for R(5). "Widely believed" doesn't always mean "true". What do we win?

Bill: Bragging rights! And the loser buys dinner.

(ADDED LATER- A commenter left a comment which probably means they want to ask the following:

Commenter: Since SAT Solvers did play a role in the new result, why are you skeptical that they won't play a role in getting further improvements, and perhaps finding R(5)?

Bill: Even with SAT Solvers, it is taking more and more time. Do you want in on the bet? If so then email me privately. 

)

3) IF there is some clever math that will help a lot then an AI or a Human may find it. But I am skeptical this will happen.

4) I am surprised the bound went from 48 to 46 without a paper about 47. 

5) Has any nice math come out of trying to find R(5) (and other concrete values)? 

a) YES- the work on R(k) for large k has lead to nice math.

b) NO- the results above on R(5), and the math for other concrete values has largely been clever and computer work, but nothing that generalizes that much.