Counting the Rationals Quickly

In the November 1989 issue of American Mathematical Monthly Yoram Sagher presented a note "Counting the Rationals" giving a simple 1-1 mapping from the positive rationals onto the positive integers. Let m/n be a rational with gcd(m,n)=1. Let q₁, ..., q_k be the prime factors of n. Sagher defined his 1-1 mapping as f(m/n) = m²n²/ (q₁q₂··· q_k) With this mapping, Sagher notes you can easily determine the 10¹⁵th positive rational as 10^-8.

Unfortunately inverting Sagher's function appears to require factoring. Can one find a 1-1 mapping from the positive integers onto the positive rationals that is easy to compute in both directions? Think about it or keep reading for my solution.

Let p(i,j) = i + j(j-1)/2. The function p is an easily computable and invertible bijection from pairs (i,j) with 1≤i≤j to the positive integers. We define our 1-1 mapping from the positive integers to the positive rationals by the following algorithm.

1. Input: n
2. Find i and j such that n = p(i,j).
3. Let g = gcd(i,j) (easily computable via Euclid's algorithm)
4. Let u = i/g and v=j/g.
5. Output: g-1+u/v

Since 1≤i≤j we have 1≤u≤v making the output unique and the function easily invertible.